BEPZA | Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority
Assistant Engineer (Civil)- 2021
Exam Taker- BEPZA
Venue- BEPZA School

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Non-Technical Part

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ā§Ļā§§) āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ⧇ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāσ ā§§ā§Ļ x ā§§ = ā§§ā§Ļ


ā§Ļā§§. āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāϏāĻ‚āϘ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāĻ• āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒāĻŋā§Ģ (P5) āĻŦāϞāϤ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ?

āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāσ āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāϏāĻ‚āϘ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāĻ• āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒāĻŋā§Ģ (P5) āĻŦāϞāϤ⧇ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāώāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻžāρāϚāϟāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿā§€ āϏāĻĻāĻ¸ā§āϝ āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ
āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻšā§€āύ, āĻĢā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϏ, āϰāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž, āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ, āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ

ā§Ļ⧍.āĻŽā§āϜāĻŋāĻŦāύāĻ—āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āϏ⧜āϕ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧈āĻ°ā§āĻ˜ā§āϝ āĻ•āϤ

āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāσ āĻŽā§āϜāĻŋāĻŦāύāĻ—āϰ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ•āϞāĻ•āĻžāϤāĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āϏ⧜āĻ• āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŖāĻžāϞ⧟āĨ¤āĨ¤ āĻŽā§āϜāĻŋāĻŦāύāĻ—āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āϏ⧜āϕ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧈āĻ°ā§āĻ˜ā§āϝ ā§Ģā§Ļā§Ļ āĻŽāĻŋāϟāĻžāϰ , āϝāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ ā§Šā§Žā§Ģ āĻŽāĻŋāϟāĻžāϰāĨ¤

ā§Ļā§Š. āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ˜ā§‹āώāĻŖāĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•āϤāϤāĻŽ āϤāĻĢāϏāĻŋāϞ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āϜāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇?

āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāσ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ˜ā§‹āώāĻŖāĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ⧇āϰ ā§­āĻŽ āϤāĻĢāϏāĻŋāϞ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āϜāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇

ā§Ļā§Ē. āĻ…āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧀āϰ āĻŦā§āϰ⧇āχāϞ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āϰāĻŖ āϕ⧋āύ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇

āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāσ āĻ…āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧀āϰ āĻ›ā§Ÿ āĻ–āĻŖā§āĻĄā§‡āϰ ‘āĻŦā§āϰ⧇āχāϞ’ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āϰāĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇ – āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāĻŖ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŖāĻžāϞ⧟; āĻŽā§‹ā§œāĻ• āωāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§‹āϚāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ: āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧀ āĻļ⧇āĻ– āĻšāĻžāϏāĻŋāύāĻž (ā§­ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āĻŸā§‹āĻŦāϰ ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ļ)

ā§Ļā§Ģ. āχāωāύāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻĢ āĻļ⧁āϭ⧇āĻšā§āĻ›āĻž āĻĻā§‚āϤ āϕ⧋āύ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϕ⧇āϟāĻžāϰ?

āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāσ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āχāωāύāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻĢ⧇āϰ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻļ⧁āϭ⧇āĻšā§āĻ›āĻž āĻĻā§‚āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āĻŽā§āĻļāĻĢāĻŋāϕ⧁āϰ āϰāĻšāĻŋāĻŽāĨ¤ āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāϏāĻ‚āĻ˜ā§‡āϰ āĻāχ āĻ…āĻ™ā§āĻ—āϏāĻ‚āĻ—āĻ āύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āύ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§āĻž āĻāχ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϕ⧇āϟāĻžāϰāĨ¤

ā§Ļā§Ŧ. āĻ­āĻžāϏāĻžāύ āϚāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻ•āĻŋ āύāĻžāĻŽā§‡ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻŋāϤ

āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāσ āĻ­āĻžāϏāĻžāύāϚāϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞāϤ āĻĻ⧁āχāϟāĻŋ āϚāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ—āĻ āĻŋāϤ- āϠ⧇āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻžāϰāϚāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϜāĻžāϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰāϚāϰāĨ¤ āϚāϰ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĻŽ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āύāĻžāύāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŋ āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧀ āĻļ⧇āĻ– āĻšāĻžāϏāĻŋāύāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āϚāϰāϟāĻŋāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ ‘āĻ­āĻžāϏāĻžāύāϚāĻ°â€™ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ āϕ⧇āω āφāϰ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽāϤ āĻĒā§‹āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āύāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āφāĻļā§āϰ⧟āĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ-ā§Š āύāĻžāĻŽā§‡ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻŋāϤ

ā§Ļā§­.’ āĻŽāĻ‚āĻĄā§’ āϕ⧋āύ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻāϞāĻžāĻ•āĻž
āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāσ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ- āĻŽāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻžāύāĻŽāĻžāϰ

ā§Ļā§Ž. āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ āϤāĻŋāĻŽā§āϰ⧇āϰ āϰāĻžāϜāϧāĻžāύ⧀āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āĻ•āĻŋ?
āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāσ āĻĻāĻŋāϞāĻŋ

ā§Ļ⧝. āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āĻ…āϞāĻŋāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ• āϗ⧇āĻŽāϏ āϕ⧋āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻˇā§āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇?

āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāσ ⧍ā§Ļ⧍⧍ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻļā§€āϤāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧀āύ āĻ…āϞāĻŋāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ•, āĻ…āĻĢāĻŋāϏāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ ⧍ā§ĒāϤāĻŽ āĻļā§€āϤāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧀āύ āĻ…āϞāĻŋāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ• āϗ⧇āĻŽāϏ āϝāĻž ⧍ā§Ļ⧍⧍ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻšā§€āύ⧇āϰ āĻŦ⧇āχāϜāĻŋāĻ‚āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻˇā§āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ē āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻ—ā§āϰ⧀āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧀āύ āĻ…āϞāĻŋāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ•, āĻ…āĻĢāĻŋāϏāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ ā§Šā§ŠāϤāĻŽ āĻ…āϞāĻŋāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•ā§āϰ⧀āĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϝ⧋āĻ—āĻŋāϤāĻž āϝāĻž āĻĢā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϏ⧇āϰ āϰāĻžāϜāϧāĻžāύ⧀ āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāϰāĻŋāϏ āĻļāĻšāϰ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻˇā§āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇

[ NB: Some question missing]

ā§Ļ⧍) āĻāĻ• āĻ•āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļāσ ā§Ģ x ā§§ = ā§Ļā§Ģ

ā§Ļā§§.āωāĻĒāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻŦāĻžāϰ āχāĻšā§āĻ›āĻž

āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāσ āωāĻĒāϚāĻŋāϕ⧀āĻ°ā§āώāĻž

ā§Ļ⧍. āĻ•āĻˇā§āĻŸā§‡ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϝāĻž

āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāσ āĻĻ⧁āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽā§āϝ

ā§Ļā§Š. āĻ…āĻ—ā§āϰāĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻžā§Ž āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϝ⧇

āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāσ āĻ…āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽā§ƒāĻˇā§āϝāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀

ā§Ļā§Ē.āϝāĻž āĻŽāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϤ⧈āϰ⧀

āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāσ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§Ÿ

ā§Ļā§Ģ. āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ•āϰāύ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āχāĻšā§āĻ›āĻž

āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāσ āĻ…āύ⧁āϚāĻŋāϕ⧀āĻ°ā§āώāĻž

[ NB: Some question missing]

ā§Ļā§Š) āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻļ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ ā§Ģ x ā§§ = ā§Ļā§Ģ

ā§Ļā§§. āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ—ā§‹āĻĒāύ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻŋ

āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāσ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ—ā§‹āĻĒāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻŋ

ā§Ļ⧍. āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻ•ā§āώ⧀ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋ

āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāσ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋ


ā§Ļā§Š. āϏāĻ•āϞ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ•āĻ—āĻŖ āϏāĻ­āĻžā§Ÿ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ

āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāσ āϏāĻ•āϞ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ• āϏāĻ­āĻžāϝāĻŧ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ•āĻ—āĻŖ āϏāĻ­āĻžāϝāĻŧ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ

ā§Ļā§Ē.

[ NB: Some question missing]

ā§Ļā§Ē) āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āĻœā§€āϤ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ ā§Ģ x ā§§ = ā§Ļā§Ģ

ā§Ļā§§.āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāϞ⧀āϰāĻž āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāϰ āϚāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ

āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāσ Engineers are the driving force of the nation


ā§Ļ⧍. āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āφāϏāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāχ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĢ⧇āϞāĻŦ

āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāσ I will have done this work before you come


ā§Ļā§Š.


[ NB: Some question missing]

Technical Part:

01. i) What do you mean by AASHTO ?
ii) Define Rigid & Flexible Pavement
iii) Define Superelavation & What are the factors effecting superelavation
iv) What is the parallax error in theodolite ?
v)A soil has porosity of 30%, Find the void ratio


Solution:

i) AASHTO :
The full form of AASHTO is American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. It’s used on Associations & Organizations ,Regional Organizations in United States The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) is a standards setting body which publishes specifications, test protocols and guidelines which are used in highway design and construction throughout the United States. Despite its name, the association represents not only highways but air, rail, water, and public transportation as well.

ii) Flexible Pavement:
A flexible pavement is one that is made up of one or more layers of materials, the highest quality material forming the top layer. Loads are transmitted through the layers, care being taken to ensure that the stresses in each layer are within the permissible values and the stress on the subgrade is within its bearing. The flexible pavement layer transmits the vertical or compressive
stresses to the lower layer by grain to grain transfers through the points of contact in the granular
structure.

What purpose does each layer of flexible pavement serve? - Quora



Rigid Pavement:
A rigid pavement depends upon the flexural strength or beam action of the slab for withstanding the wheel load. Rigid pavements have sufficient flexural strength to transmit the wheel load stresses to a wider area below. The major contributor to the load- Rigid Pavement bearing capacity is the slab itself. The stresses are not transferred from grain to grain to the lower layer as in case
of flexible pavement layers. Rigid pavement is laid in slabs with steel reinforcement. Rigid pavement is designed and analyzed by using the elastic theory.

3.2 Components of Rigid pavements. | Download Scientific Diagram

iii) Superelevation :
In order to counteract the effect of centrifugal force and to reduce the tendency of the vehicle to
overturn or skid, the outer edge of the pavement is raised with respect to the inner edge. This
providing a transverse slope throughout the length of the horizontal curve. This transverse
inclination to the pavement surface is known as superelevation or cant or banking.

What are the factors that affect superelevation ?


Factor affecting the the design of superelevation

  • The design speed of vehicle on the road.
  • Friction.
  • Maximum allowable superelevation.
  • Permissible centrifugal ratio. What is superelevation

iii) Parallax error in theodolite:

The error/displacement caused in in the apparent position of the object due to the viewing angle that is other than the angle that is perpendicular to the object.

Parallax error occurs when the measurement of an object’s length is more or less than the true length

iv)
Given, n=0.3

We know,
e = n/(1-n)

= 0.3/(1-0.3)
= 0.43
= 43%

02. Draw SFD,BMD of the following Beam

Solution:

SFD:

Shear Force Diagram

BMD:

03. A simply supported beam has a cross section of 12″ width and effective depth 16″ and reinforced with four no.9 bars. 𝑓𝑐′ = 3 ksi and 𝑓đ‘Ļ = 60 ksi. Check whether the beam is tension controlled or not. Determine design capacity of the beam.


Solution:

04.A rectangular column of 12” x 12” section has reinforcement of 4 no. 7bars. If the value of fc’ is 3000 psi and fy is 50000 psi, find the ultimate design axial load of the column .

Solution:

Here, 𝐴𝑔 = 12 x 12 = 144 sq.inch
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 4×0.6 = 2.4 sq.inch

𝑃đ‘ĸ  = 𝜑 đ›ŧ [0.85 𝑓𝑐′ (𝐴𝑔 – 𝐴𝑠𝑡) + 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓đ‘Ļ]
      = 0.8 x 0.65 [0.85 x 4 (144 – 2.4) + 2.4 x 60 ]
      =  325.22 k

05.What are the factors affect the type and depth of pile and also how do you calculate the capacity of the pile ?

Solution:

i) Types & depth of Pile foundation depending on various considerations such as-

  • Total load from the superstructure. 
  • Soil conditions.
  • Groundwater table is high.
  • Noise and vibrations sensitivity.
  • Available resources.
  • Time-frame of the project.
  • Cost.


ii) Static Formulae for Estimating the Load Capacity of Piles:

Static formulae give the static resistance offered by the soil/rock at the base and along the surface of the pile to the loads applied on the pile.

Basic Principle:

The unit point-bearing resistance of a pile may be given by –

fp = cNc + Īƒâ€™Nq + 0.5ÎŗBNÎŗ 

where c is the unit cohesion of the soil at the pile tip; Īƒâ€™, the effective overburden pressure at the base of the pile; Îŗ, the density of the soil at the pile tip; B, the width or diameter of the pile; and Nc, Nq, and NÎŗ, the bearing capacity factors.

The magnitude of the third term, 0.5ÎŗBNÎŗ, in Eq. is very small for deep foundations compared with the second term, Īƒâ€™Nq, and, hence, is neglected. Therefore,

f= cN+ Īƒâ€™Nq 

The total bearing resistance of pile is given by –

Qp = fpAp 

The total skin friction resistance is given by –

QfsAs 

The ultimate load capacity of the pile is given by

Qu = fpAfsAs   

06. Give short note
i) Retrofitting
ii)Deep Foundation
iii) Admixture
iv) Effluent Treatment Plant
v) Global Warming

i) Retrofitting

Retrofitting is the method of modifying or repairing something after it has been manufactured. Retrofitting work includes changing or repairing the structure system of a building after its construction and occupation. This work result in increased safety and durability of the structure.
Retrofitting of buildings is required for homes that are affected by failures and damage by seismic forces. Retrofitting done for your home makes it resistant to seismic activity caused by earthquakes.

ii)Deep Foundation

A deep foundation is a type of foundation which is placed at a greater depth below the ground surface and transfers structure loads to the earth at depth. The depth to width ratio of such a foundation is usually greater than 4 to 5.
Deep Foundation is used Where the bearing capacity of the soil is very low. The load coming from the superstructure is further transmitted vertically to the soil. There are Three Major Types of Deep Foundation, and Their uses in construction are discussed below.


iii) Admixture

An admixture is a material other than water, aggregates, cementitious materials, and fiber reinforcement, used as an ingredient of a cementitious mixture to modify its freshly mixed, setting, or hardened properties and that is added to the batch before or during its mixing. Admixtures modify the properties of concrete or mortar to make them more suitable for the work at hand, or for economy, or for such other purposes as saving energy (ACI 212.3R). ASTM C260, ASTM C494, ASTM C1017 are standard specifications covering chemical admixtures.

iv) Effluent Treatment Plant

Effluent treatment plant cleans industrial effluents, contaminated water from rivers and lakes, and so on just in order to reuse the water for additional purposes. Along such lines, water is reutilized and sustained. In fact, such gushing treatment ensures that any contaminant will be expelled from the water making it reusable. It is mostly used in industries such as pharmaceuticals, textiles, tanneries, and chemicals where there is a chance of extreme water contamination. Nevertheless, how this treatment will be applied may vary from industry to industry.

v) Global Warming

Global warming, the phenomenon of increasing average air temperatures near the surface of Earth over the past one to two centuries.a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth’s atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, CFCs, and other pollutants.

.

AUTHOR: 
Engr.Towhidul Islam
Upazila Assistant Engineer,LGED

.

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